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Historial
development according [Jackson 86]
1950-1965
"clásical" period
- Gestation
[McColluck y Pitts, Shannon,
Turing]
- Begin
- meeting in Darmouth College in 1956 [ Minsky,
McCarthy]
- Neural
Network, robotics (Shakey)
- Searching
in a space of states, heuristic, LISP
- General
Problem Solver (GPS)
[Newell,
Simon]
- Games,
demostration of theorems
- Limitations
of pure search, combinatory explosion.
1965-1975
"romántic'' period
- General
representation of knowledge.
- Semantics
Networks [Quillian]
- Prototips
(frames) [Minsky]
- Perceptron
[Minsky and
Papert]
- Logical
[Kowalski]
- World
of blocks (SHDRLU)
[Winograd]
- knowledge
of language, vision, robotics.
- Representation
difficulties "general'', problems of "toy".
1975-Current "modern'' period, "specific" Intelligence
vs "general''.
- Explicit
representation of knowledge in a dominion.
- Expert
Systems or based in a knowledge.
- Return
to Neural Networks [Hopfield, Rumelhart, Hinton], genetics algoritms
[Holland, Goldberg] Voice recognition (HMM), uncertainty (RB, fuzzy
logic), planning, learning of real applications (medicine, finances,
engineering, exploration, etc.).
- Limitations:
supercial knowledge
According [Russell, Norvig 95]:
Gestation (1943-1956):
McCullock and Pitts (43), Hebb (49), Shannon
- (50),
Turing (53), Minsky
and Edmonds (51). Darmouth College (56) McCarthy,
Newell y
Simon "The
Logic Theorist''
- Enthusiasm
and great expectations (1952-1969):
- Samuel
- checkers (52), McCarthy
(58):
- Lisp,
time sharing, Programs with common sense. Minsky
y McCarthy
in MIT. In 63 McCarthy
was gone to Stanford SRI, Shakey, etc. Minsky,
Evans, Student, Waltz, Winston, Winograd, etc. Works in RN: Hebb,
Widrow, Rosenblatt
Dose of reality(1966-1974):
- Simon
predicted that in 10 years would have an intelligente machine. Similar
predictions in Automatic translation and Chess. Theory of NP-completness.
Experiments in Machine evolution(now Genetics alghorytms) (Friedber,
58) was very good founded but could not produced anything. Minsky
and Papert Perceptrons (69) (although ironically then same year
he discovered the backpropagation (Bryson y Ho))
Sistems
based in knowlegment (1969-1979):
- Dendral
, Mycin , HPP, Prospector,
Winograd SHDRLU,Shank
(there is not sintaxis), frames, Prolog, Planner
- IA
like industry (1980-1988): R1/XCON, project of fiveth generation,
shells and machines of Lisp...
Return
of Neural Network (1986-now):
- Hopfield,
Rumelhart and Hinton and reduction of the SE
Recents
Events (1987-now):
- Gradual
change to technical and far away from rudes(this implicate a degree
of maduration and stability) e.g., voice recognition (HMM), uncertainty
(Bayes), planning (Tweak), robotics, learning (PAC), etc...
Historical
Systems
GPS
- Newell,
Shaw and Simon
Perceptron - Minsky
and Papert Chekers - A. Samuel
MACSYMA AM - D. Lenat
ELIZA - Weisenbaum
Shakey - SRI
SHDRLU - Winogard
MYCIN - E. Shortliffe
Prospector - Duda, Hart
Hearsay II - Erman, Hayes-Roth, Lesser, Reddy
CYC - D. Lenat, R. Guha
Current
Systems
PEGASUS - hace reservas de transporte por teléfono [Zue et al. 94]
MARVEL - Expert System in real time that is capable to have a lot
of information of Voyager and help to diagnose faults [Schwuttke 92]
Diagnosis System in intern medicine capable of explain with ows reasons
to experts [Heckerman 91]
NAVLAB - independence vehicle that can travel in automatic form from
part to part of EUA [Pomerlau 93]
Visual System that monitoring the traffic in Paris and recognice crashes
in wich it call to emergency services [Koller 94]
DEEP BLUE - paralel machine that plays to chess and the first win
to champions of the world[IBM 97]
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